Differences Between Old And New Terrorism Criminology Essay

Differences Between Old And New Terrorism Criminology Essay Terrorism is not a new concept, and despite it was used very often over the past decade, it remains one of the most difficult issues to define. Its ambiguity comes from the different connotations that the term has gained over history. James D. Kiras points out that, although the definitions of terrorism vary widely, the all come from a common point: terrorism is a tactic characterized basically by the use of violence and the spread of fear; it can take many forms and often indiscriminately targets non-combatants. The starting points for the most disagreements about terrorism are the purposes for which violence is used, and its root causes (Kiras 2008: 372). According to Professor Adam Roberts, the term terrorism historically entered into European languages during the French revolution of 1789, when violence was used by the governments in Paris to impose their new order on a reluctant citizenry. Therefore, as recorded by the Acadà ©mie Franà §aise, the first meaning of the word terr orism was system of rule of terror (Roberts 2002). However, over the last decades the term terrorism has been used to define the recourse to violence by small groups to achieve political change. This has included ideological, ethnic, and religious exclusion or persecution (Kiras 2008). Terrorism has changed over time, and after 9/11 events, specialists in sociology, policy makers, scholars and the mass media have been widely using the term new terrorism. Therefore, David Tucker states that: This terrorism is reputedly distinguished from the old by a new structure, a new kind of personnel, and a new attitude toward violence. (Tucker 2001: 1). Furthermore, according to Professor Martha Crenshaw, in order to analyse the differences between old and new terrorism, three key aspects should be debated: goals, methods, and organization. Therefore, the new terrorism can be justified on a religious background, and the new terrorist groups considered having ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake. On the other side, the old terrorism is more comprehensible, limited and more specific, with its roots in political ideology (Crenshaw 2005). The old terrorism was regarded as being a political weapon, designed to produce chaos with the strategic purpose of, either to maintain a regime, or to create the conditions for a new one. Michael Stohls study shows that the violence of the terrorist acts is not intended simply to destroy but to be heard, and therefore terror is a message of strength, a warning designed to intimidate, to ensure compliance without the need to physically touch citizen [] the mor e extensive is the message, the more successful is the act. (Stohl 1988: 5). Stohl points out that the old terrorist groups chose their victims and targets with care, in order to achieve maximum chance of success, even if that often meant to target non-combatants or mass innocent victims. An example of terrorist act which has had an important impact on the history was the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand by a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb student, Gavril Princip, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 (Roberts 2002). Another purpose was to create or enforce obedience, either of the population at large or within the ruling party, in order to ensure greater future reluctance to assist the opposing side and greater obedience to the wishes of the insurgent cause or the security forces. This type of terror was put into effect during the revolutionary movements and in revolutionary regimes to create obedience within the ruling elites, to demonstrate their vulnerability and weakness, and f orce policy change. This occurred during the French revolution in 1789 and in Peru, when Sendero Luminoso secular organisation sought to destroy the existing social and political order in order to create a Maoist regime (Stohl 1988). The new terrorism, although is not so new, has changed its purposes over the decades. According to Martha Crenshaw, the new terrorists religious point of view is related to the pursuit of mass casualties. Because their goals are religious, the new terrorists seek to kill as many people as possible (Crenshaw 2006). Very often associated with Islamic terrorists, nowadays the terrorist groups have widely developed in the fields of transport, communications and weaponry, due to the massive process of globalization. Therefore, they produce greater violence and climate of fear, in easier ways and with a lower level of risk. In the present, the most debated and feared terrorist network is the Islamic organization Al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden. According to Global Security, it was  established around 1988 by bin Laden. In 1998, Al-Qaeda issued a statement under banner of The World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders saying it was the duty of all Muslims to kill US citi zens-civilian or military-and their allies everywhere. In consequence, on 9/11, 2001 a series of suicide attackers, members of Al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes, two of them crashing into the  World Trade Centre  in New York City, the third one into the  Pentagon, and the fourth plane, crashing into a field, after being redirected to Washington D.C. (Global Security 2006). Therefore, if the old terrorism could be resembled more with a form of guerrilla warfare, the new terrorism, become global war, representing a much greater danger. Moreover, in order to analyse the different methods used by the old and new terrorists, Martha Crenshaw divides them in two different categories: secular terrorists and jihad terrorists. In the secular terrorism case the violence is said to be carefully calibrated, going just far enough to achieve their objectives. While they could have killed more people, they stick to their political objectives and chose not to, because indiscriminate killing would not produce success. Therefore, Brian  Jenkins states that: terrorists seem to be more interested in having a lot of people watching, not a lot of people dead (Jenkins 1988). Although the number of their attacks achieved a great number, no attack in the preceding years was as destructive as the catastrophe of 9/11. Still there were a number of incidents that produced well over a hundred casualties, as the midair bombing of Pan Am 103, attributed to Libyan agents, or Air India, attributed to Sikh extremists who wanted an independent Pun jab. In Crenshaws opinion the jihad terrorists are lead by religion to seek mass causalities. Their attacks are more lethal and they have strategic targets. After the attacks in the United States, a series of other bombing occurred in Bali, Madrid and London, spreading fear not only on the American continent, but all over the world (Crenshaw 2006). Among examples of the new terrorism, Aum Shinrikyos attack on the Tokyo subway is the only example of use of chemical weapons (Crenshaw 2003). On the other hand, the organization is widely different between old and new terrorism. As stated by Crewnshaw the new terrorists are often described as a network rather than an organization. By contrast, the old terrorists organization is thought to have been hierarchical and centralized. The new terrorism is said to be horizontal and flat, whereas the old terrorism is vertical and pyramidal. The West German terrorists of the 70s and 80s were not tightly structured as they appear to be. They were composed of small different groups with shifting political objectives. Neither did the anarchists in the 19th century, who were certainly not a centralised organisation (Crenshaw 2006). Moreover, jihad terrorism appears to be more organizes that any other terrorist network. According to Kenneth Katzmans study, Al-Qaeda is a very well structured organisation. Also it collaborates with a range number of other terrorist groups. These are either in partnership with Al Qaeda or on their own, atte mpting to destabilize established regimes in the region. These include the Islamic Army of Aden (Yemen) and Hizb-e-Islam/Gulbuddin) (Katzman 2005). Moreover, another crucial difference between old and new terrorism is the massive use of high technology of the new terrorism groups. As indicated by John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini terrorists are likely to increasingly use advanced information technologies for offensive and defensive purposes, as well as to support their organizational structures (Arquilla et al. n.d.). Moreover, according to Kiras elements of globalization that permits the rapid exchange of ideas and good can also be leveraged and exploited by terrorist groups. The technologies associated with globalization allow terrorists to operate in a highly distributed global network that shares information and allows small cells to conduct highly coordinated, lethal attacks. Also, globalization may allow some terrorist groups to acquire, manufacture, and use weapons of mass destruction in order to conduct catastrophic attacks (Kiras 2008). To conclude, as stated by Tucker, although the networked, ad hoc character of contemporary terrorism is not new, the terrorism we experience today, at least the international terrorism, is more lethal than it was when it first emerged three decades ago and more likely to produce mass casualties (Tucker 2001). Thus, according to Crenshaw the difference between the new and the old terrorism is not as fundamental as proponents of the new terrorism view would have it. The differences among groups and over time do exist, but they are due to the changing environment, in particular the globalization (Crenshaw 2003). The new terrorism has become seriously dangerous since the 11 September 2001 attacks, which have shaped much of the history of the years since. As Grant Wardlaws study shows, it is seems likely that terrorism will be a more serious problem towards the end of the century than is currently. The present analysts believe that the incremental changes in the nature of terrorism and te rrorist groups will eventually lead some group to attempt mass destruction terrorism. Also, the changes in political socialisation which have occurred worldwide over the past few decades, together with easier access to powerful weapons, suggest the possibility that terrorism may be come to be seen by a wider range of groups as an acceptable way to stop governments operation in ways that group members see as inimical to their interest. (Wardlaw: 1989) Although it changes over the decades, terrorism remains a complex phenomen in which violence is used to obtain political power. The new terrorism presents a great danger as globalization has improved the technical capabilities of terrorists and given them global reach. In other words, globalization changed the scope and the nature of the old terrorism (Kiras 2008).

Role of Gertrude in Hamlet

Raquel Tuohy Mrs. Pastor AP Lit/Comp 7 April 2013 Hamlet Perhaps one of the most ambiguous characters in Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the queen, Gertrude. She is Hamlet’s mother and the wife of her dead husband’s brother, King Claudius. As the reader, we only see her briefly, but she still manages to be a central figure in Hamlet playing the role of the elusive and sometimes shallow queen. There are several questions surround the life of Queen Gertrude, starting with even before the play, having to do with the death of her husband, Hamlet’s father.When the play starts, she has already remarried to Hamlet’s Uncle Claudius within such a short amount of time. This is rather surprising and revolting to her son Hamlet, who is still grieving over the loss of his father, but it appears that his mother has already moved on. That could only suggest that perhaps Gertrude was cheating on the king with her brother and her husband’s death was all but convenien t for her. The ghost of Hamlet’s father gives his son disturbing information about the queen, calling her â€Å"that incestuous, that adulterate beast,† (Act I, Scene I).However, there is no definitive proof, nor Shakespeare ever addresses it in the play, leaving his audience with a sense of wonder about the queen’s devotion to her husband. The thing that might intrigue the reader the most about the character of Gertrude is why she married Claudius so suddenly after her husband’s death. Was it because she knew that she needed a man to help her rule? Or was the meaning behind the courtship less malevolent than it appears? There lies the most important question: was it true love or was it politics that brought Claudius and Gertrude together?Hamlet paints the picture of Gertrude as an obedient and devoted woman to his father, but his opinion transforms during the queen’s second marriage. Hamlet doesn’t understand why Gertrude, who is labeled as the â€Å"th’imperial jointress† (Act I, Scene I) to the throne of Denmark, would need to marry someone so rapidly when she already wields power in the royal family. Possibly the most haunting question about Gertrude’s character is whether or not she knows Claudius killed her first husband. This also ties in with the question about Gertrude’s fidelity.If she did cheat on the former king with Claudius than chances are she more than likely had a role in her first husband’s death. Claudius would consider her as an accomplice and confide in her, but he never does throughout Hamlet. Furthermore, Gertrude expresses strong emotions about Ophelia and Hamlet, but never for Claudius, which is strange because they are married. Claudius tells Gertrude that he loves her, but she doesn’t return the sentiment, which again is bizarre because they are husband and wife.There are no definitive textual references about Gertrude’s involvement in her firs t husband’s poisoning. It just is another element of Gertrude’s character that is shrouded in mystery. One redeeming quality about the queen is her unwavering loyalty to Hamlet. She loves her son despite his obvious hostility towards her for marrying Claudius. Plus, Gertrude continues to stand behind him even when he lashes out at her, saying the worse possible things a son could say to his mother.When Hamlet kills Polonius in a moment of madness, Gertrude realizes that she has to tell the king that her son was the one who committed the murder, but she lies to her husband to protect her son. She tells Claudius that Hamlet is contrite and â€Å"weeps for what he has done† (Act IV, Scene I), in order to lessen the punishment that is sure to be inflicted on Hamlet by Claudius. In the final scene of the play, Gertrude expresses her deep concern for Hamlet when he wants to duel Laertes who is grieving over the loss of his father and sister and blames Hamlet for their deaths.At the end of the duel, Gertrude even drinks the wine for Hamlet, not knowing it is laden with poison. Or does she? It is still debated by scholars whether Gertrude knew the wine was toxic or not, but regardless, she didn’t have to drink it. She drank it for Hamlet because her maternal instincts triumphed over Claudius’ warning to leave the poisonous glass of wine alone. Another issue that comes up time in time again in Shakespeare’s play is Hamlet’s fascination, boarding on obsession, with Gertrude’s sex life. It’s trange for a son to be interested in what his mother does behind closed doors, but this piqued curiosity seemed to have started around the time of Gertrude’s second marriage to Claudius. Early on in the play, the reader learns that Hamlet is shaken by his mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius, leading Hamlet to believe that the world is contaminated, like an â€Å"unweeded garden† that’s â€Å"g ross and rank in nature† (Act I, Scene 2). Hamlet’s opinion of his mother may color the reader’s view of Gertrude, seeing her as a vile woman who jumps from one man to the next.There are more questions than answers surrounding Gertrude, the queen of Denmark. We don’t know if she was unfaithful or if she was complicit with Claudius in the murder of her first husband. However, the one attribute in Gertrude that nobody can dispute is the depth of love that she posses for her son. Gertrude is Shakespeare’s most mysterious character because she in intricately woven throughout the play, but her motives remain unclear to the readers.

‘No Dialects Please’ by Merle Collins Essay

Task: Using any literary or linguistic approach with which you are familiar, write about how the impressions of the speakers are created in the poem ‘No Dialects Please’ by Merle Collins. The poem takes the form of a reply to a competition â€Å"looking for poetry of worth† but the entry requirements, to the discus of this writer who is of African origin, state they must use â€Å"NO DIALECTS PLEASE†. In response the poem is written in the African accent, using phonetic structures of words, and including dialectical vocabulary but still containing a point both strong and emotive giving the poem the ability to fit the requirement for, â€Å"poetry of worth for a writin that could wrap up a feelin an fling it back hard with the captive power to choke de stars†. This is done in the poem, which tells of the writer’s feelings due to the suggestion that a dialect could not meet these requirements for poetry. Throughout the writers feelings are conveyed to the reader and are obviously strong, making the poetry that of the category which the competition was looking for which was exemplified by the powerful metaphor â€Å"captive power to choke the stars†. The feelings in the poem are clear, disgust, outrage and even pain due to the competition’s lack of respect for her dialect, which indicates their lack of respect for the writer’s culture, a feature the writer relates back to the slave trade. In the poems graphology two main characteristics indicate the emotions of the writer. The use of uppercase characters and explanation marks indicate an exaggeration in the tone of the words, for instance â€Å"AFRICAN SLAVES PLEASE!† The presence of this exaggeration indicates the disbelief of the write at the statements, which is further demonstrated by the presence of the â€Å"please† at the end of most the statements acting as a softener to the command prior as a pathetic attempt to prevent the insult that the writer feels. Another simple way that feelings are conveyed is through evaluative adjectives in the direct speech of the writer provided by the monologue form, for example when the writer is speaking about the lack of knowledge the British population has about the history of their language she says, â€Å"how dis British education mus really be narrow† The strength of the writer’s feeling can also be seen in the syntactical repetition of â€Å"Is not only dat ah think†, throughout the second verse and the pattern of three in the third verse, â€Å"bout a culture o we own a language o we own a identity o we own† The writer also says, â€Å"But if dat not enough pain for a body to bear†, indicating the suffering she feels is almost unbearable causing her a great amount of suffering. The writer’s defiance from the English when she states, â€Å"Make me ha to go and start up a language o me own† shows she feels like she does not want to be included when they are told, â€Å"We’re all British!†, but would rather have her own culture conveyed through her language including her dialect. Overall the whole poem acts as an example to show how the competition is wrong to remove dialect from poems, as it will prevent the conveyed feelings to be received by the audience. This is done by the whole poem being in the writers dialect but still being intelligently, shown by the cohesion and educated lexis, and effectively powerful.

Stop-and-Frisk Research Paper - 1050 Words

Stop-and-Frisk: Cleaning up the Streets, or Racial Profiling at its Finest? Taryn Konkler Introduction to Law Enforcement Professor Michael Glendon Imagine innocently walking down the street in a city you’ve lived in your whole life, when all of a sudden you hear the dreaded â€Å"woop woop† and see those flashing red and blue lights. The police. They interrogate you, ask your whereabouts, and finally, they â€Å"frisk† you. Of course, they find nothing; they rarely do when they search people. Although it’s wrong and demoralizing, you know it’s something you’ll have to get used to as an African American living in New York City. The stop-and-frisk was implemented after the Terry v. Ohio case, which ruled†¦show more content†¦The statistics show that to be an African American or Hispanic in New York you are more than twice as likely to get stopped as a white or Asian person. Studies of reports show that 15,000 or 30% of stops are deemed unconstitutional; and those are just the ones that are reported, imagine all of those that go unreported. Imagine all of those people who were victimized just because of the color of their skin. The stop-and-frisk procedure was once a good thing that helped clean up the streets, but now it’s becoming an epidemic of racial profiling, and teaching racism and intolerance to anyone who is a victim or witness of these stops. â€Å"There’s no evidence that the stop-and-frisk is lowering or suppressing homicide rates in NYC. Murders have dropped steadily in 1990,† says Chris Dunn, spokesperson for the NYCLU. He’s saying that stop and frisks have nothing to do with the drop in homicides, statistics show that in 2002 97,296 people were stopped and there were 587 homicides, the numbers in 2012 were 685,724 and 532. With almost a 600% increase in stops there is no reason that we should only have 55 less homicides. 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The Tripartite Theory Of The Soul - 1196 Words

Daryl Claude Medina Professor Morrissey PHIL 3105 April 8, 2016 The Tripartite Theory of the Soul Plato’s theory of tripartite soul focuses on the nature of human psyche. In the Republic, Plato (using the character â€Å"Socrates† as his mouthpiece) introduces this theory and claims that the soul contains three constituent elements: the appetitive, the rational, and the spirited parts. These three separate elements of the soul are organized in a hierarchy with reason being the superior of the two and spirit being the most inferior (Republic 439d and 441a-b). In a just soul, Plato claims, the three elements of the soul harmonize with each other and follow the hierarchical order. However, in an unjust soul, the three elements oppose one another. These three psychological elements and its inherent hierarchy are central to Plato’s understanding of a just soul, or rather, justice. In order to distinguish the three separate elements of the human psyche, Socrates presents a Principle of Opposites. This principle claims that, â€Å"the same thing will not be willing to do or undergo opposites in the same part of itself, in relation to the same thing, at the same time† (436b). Basically, the Principle of Opposites suggests that it is impossible for an individual to have opposing desires. But, Plato acknowledges the fact that people often have conflicting desir es at a given time. So, in order to resolve this problem, he first divides the human psyche into two separate parts of reason andShow MoreRelatedThe And Theory Of The Tripartite Soul1765 Words   |  8 Pageswritings in the Western World apart from the Judeo-Christian Bible. As I dug into the life of Plato, which can be an endless search with overwhelming amount of information, his lasting ideas can be summed up in his allegory of the cave and theory of the tripartite soul. 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Essay on Reasons for the Expansion of Deforestation

There are many reasons for the expansion of deforestation. For instance agricultural activities, which are one of the major factors affecting deforestation because of the steadily increasing demand for food products, a large amount of trees are being cut down for cattle gazing. Logging contributes to all the wood base industries of paper, furniture, as well as a significant amount of wood supply. Wood is also used as fuel, therefore trees are cut for supplies, some examples of wood being used as fuels are charcoal and firewood. Some of these industries will develop on illegal wood cutting and felling of trees. Urbanization is another cause for deforestation; to be able to access forests roads have to be constructed and trees have to be†¦show more content†¦(Effects of Deforestation, n.d.)This will lead to problems like flooding and the inability to farm. (Deforestation: Facts, Causes , 2013). Lastly the water cycle of the rainforest gets greatly affected because when it rai ns most of the water get stored inside the roots of the trees and plants. Then the water releases out into the atmosphere, forming clouds for the next day to rain again. If this process is broken then the climate will dry out, and plants that need a humid climate to survive will start dying . (Rainforest Water and Nutrient, 2014). Deforestation has brought many effects to our world, therefore deforestation has to stop! Now that we have established the causes and effects of deforestation, we can talk about our environmental future. As we all know Trees play an important role in the carbon cycle. (The Carbon Cycle, n.d.).We humans breath in air, and exhale carbon dioxide, then trees will take in the carbon dioxide we exhaled and will turn it into oxygen. What do you think will happen if we cut down all of our trees? Who will generate our oxygen? 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RFID Based Modular System for IOT-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Disucss about the RFID Based Modular System for IOT. Answer: Introduction The IoT that is described in this assessment is about Radio Frequency Identification Technology. RFID are used to track items and identify the items (Hutabarat et al., 2016). In this modern world that includes technology to a great extend, RFID is an excellent technology for identification. The features of RFID are they are very fast in identifying many numbers of tags at a time and are has a capability of wireless reading from several meters. The latest IoT technology among all is the Identification with Radio Frequency technology. If an object is shown digitally, it is much easier to control the object from distant places with higher capability. A broad area of Automatic Identification System (Auto-ID) is the RFID system. The project that is chosen to explain RFID system in this assessment is laundry management (Chung, 2014). The RFID technology helps to improve the efficiency and effectiveness in managing the laundry and also simplify the operations. Tracking and maintaining a laundry manually is very difficult. To obtain a detail record of all the things, it requires a demanding labour to count record and separate the data and inserting them manually in the computer (Gan, Aw Sheng, 2016). Experienced laundry management is needed for productive laundry management and profitable cost. An Auto-ID RFID technology is useful for adding data to the stock systems. The effort and time for shipping, receiving and shipping the laundry are managed by the RFID technology automatically (Celikkan Kurtel, 2017). This provides accountability and control in laundry circulation process. In RFID, the status, last recorded time, information of the material, conditions of washing and number of washing cycles that are l eft are recorded in the system. The basic infrastructure necessary for this type of practical application includes readers and tags, as well as RFID management software, all designed to work together seamlessly (Gordon et al., 2016). Solution with features To overcome the process of laundry management RFID modular system is used. The processes that are used in managing the laundry are- Expedition from the laundry- Clothes are packed and selected accordingly ready to send to the destination and delivery is prepared. Move the clean items to the destination- Delivery of the items are done to the destination from where they were bought. Expedition in the destination- Expedition of clothes is done in the destination. Users- The clean clothes are kept in the proper place and the numbers of newly added clothes are recorded. Collection service- In collection service, the dirty clothes are again collected in the centralized point and after all the collections are completed, they are accumulately taken to the laundry again. Move the items back to laundry- The dirty items are collected and move to the laundry for washing, drying and ironing. Receiving of items- The items are collected and recorded the number of items that are to be cleaned and washed. Washing, drying and ironing- The items are finally washed, cleaned and ironed with proper care. If repair is needed then the repairmen is done. Diagram showing the process of laundry management Fig: Working process of Laundry Management The working process of the RFID System in Laundry Management Fig: Working process of RFID in laundry management The main goal of the project is to realize a SW module that is complex for acquiring data from the readers, providing data for evaluation, filtering, unifying or storing the data in the database by the use of a database server. For unifying and filtering purposes, IoT middleware controls process of reading to all the connected readers and advance raw data collected from the antennas that consists information only regarding the tags in communication area of the antenna and some readers add RSSI information. Data collected are processed, filtered and analyzed for certaining the direction of the passage (Jones Chung, 2016). The information is shipped to a higher system in single report iteration. The lowest level of the SW module is thecommunication layer which gives a several protocols of communication according to demanded protocols by distinct readers from distinct manufacturers. Other communication rules are added by the developers and this layer of communication is made universal. Mainly two protocols are implemented. First one is the standardized Low Level Reader Protocol (LLRP) and the second is the proprietary protocol for particular manufacturer. The LLRP supports a larger part of high standard RFID readers. This LLRP protocol gives a control to air protocol and also arrange the control of air protocol of RFID operating timing. The data are processed in LLRP from single RFID tag in EPC (Electronic Product Code) form and configuration of reader. Pros of using this RFID laundry Management Technology The advantage of using the RFID technology is the way to use LLRP reader with the help of different manufactures and creates a tenderized interface. The advantages are as follows- Cons of using this RFID laundry Management Technology Conclusion This assessment sheds a light on the importance of IoT in this modern era. Based on IoT, details of RFID technology is described briefly. The RFID technology used in the project describes a laundry management. This paper illustrates the use of RFID technology to improve and simplify the operations if the laundry management. RFID reader is a wireless technology which makes the technology so much useful. RFID also lessens the cost of software. References Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Hutabarat, D. P., Patria, D., Budijono, S., Saleh, R. (2016, October). Human tracking application in a certain closed area using RFID sensors and IP camera. InInformation Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), 2016 3rd International Conference on(pp. 11-16). IEEE. Chung, S. B. (2014). Clothing Management System Using the Smart Hanger Embedded RFID.Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers,51(8), 185-194. Celikkan, U., Kurtel, K. (2017). Application of Service-Oriented Context-Aware Architecture to Laundry Management System.Studies in Informatics and Control,26(2), 193-202. Gordon, M., Scott, J. H., Laganis, E. J., Judge, J. M., Armonaitis, K. (2016).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/192,200. Jones, E. C., Chung, C. A. (2016).RFID and Auto-ID in Planning and Logistics: A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications. CRC Press. Pokric, B., Krco, S., Pokric, M. (2014, May). Augmented reality based smart city services using secure iot infrastructure. InAdvanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), 2014 28th International Conference on(pp. 803-808). IEEE. Gan, O. P., Aw, L. L., Sheng, H. (2016, November). Reliable RFID bulk reading using adaptive time and power control. InRegion 10 Conference (TENCON), 2016 IEEE(pp. 130-134). IEEE